Commercial pectin (often used to thicken jams and jellies) is extracted from dried apple pomace or dried peels of various fruits. This additive is used as a gelling agent, stabilizer, and coating agent.

Potassium sorbate (E202) is a potassium salt of sorbic acid. It is commonly used as a food preservative to inhibit the growth of molds and yeasts, thereby helping to extend the shelf life of foods.

Starch is a complex carbohydrate (sugar) composed of chains of D-glucose molecules (simple sugar). It is a reserve molecule for higher plants and a common element in human diet.

Benzoic acid is a commonly used food preservative, classified under the code E210.

Ascorbic Acid, or oxo-3-gulofuranolactone, is an organic acid with antioxidant properties. It is present in an enantiomerically pure form in lemons, fruit juices, and fresh vegetables.

Sodium nitrite is used in the food industry, primarily as a food additive for its preservation and color-enhancing properties.

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is a chemical compound belonging to the carboxylic acid family. It is widely utilized in various applications, including the food industry, vinegar production, and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide obtained from the action of a bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris. It is soluble in cold water and is used as a food additive under the code E415 for its thickening and gelling properties to modify the consistency of food.

Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid (E330), a natural acid found in most fruits. On an industrial scale, it is produced by cultivating a fungus (Aspergillus niger) in a sugary nutrient solution.

Lactic acid is utilized in the food industry as an additive (E270) serving as an antioxidant, acidifier, or flavor enhancer. It also exists in the form of salts: sodium salt (E325), potassium salt (E326), and calcium salt (E327). These salts are in powder form and are water-soluble. Lactic acid acts as a bacteriostatic agent, particularly against pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella or Listeria, and also has a water activity-depressing effect.

Lactic acid is an organic compound, naturally forming in muscles during intense exercise to produce energy. It is also present in wine, dairy products, and certain vegetables after fermentation.

Anhydrous dextrose does not contain water and is produced in crystalline or powder form. Dextrose, like fructose and glucose, is a monosaccharide also known as a simple sugar.

Monohydrate dextrose is another name for glucose, which is a monosaccharide sugar.

E1200-dextrose (Polydextrose) Thickening Additive, a polymer of glucose and sorbitol, is produced from glucose, sorbitol (E420), and citric acid (E330). In the human body, it behaves like dietary fiber.