Citric Acid is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood.

Sorbitol is a natural polyol with a sweetness level approximately half that of sucrose. Unlike monosaccharides, its structure does not contain any ketone or aldehyde functions. It is primarily used as a bulk sweetener to replace sucrose.

Cyclamate (or sodium cyclamate) is an artificial sweetener discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by a student named Michael Sveda.

Cyclamate is also known under the number E952.

Acésulfame K is 150-200 times sweeter than sugar. Acésulfame K is a very stable crystalline sweetener, with a chemical structure similar to saccharin. Acésulfame K is commonly used in combination with aspartame or other sweeteners because it has a synergistic effect to enhance and maintain the sweet taste of foods and beverages.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener discovered in 1965. It is a dipeptide composed of two natural amino acids, L-aspartic acid, and L-phenylalanine, the latter in the form of a methyl ester.

Fumaric acid, or trans-butenedioic acid, is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula HOOC–CH=CH–COOH. It appears as a crystalline white powder that is odorless, combustible but weakly flammable, and slightly soluble in water.

Ethyl maltol is a chemical compound used as a food additive and flavoring.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethicone, is a silicone polymer widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial industries.

Potassium metabisulfite, or potassium pyrosulfite, is a chemical compound with the formula K2S2O5. It appears as a crystalline white powder in the monoclinic system, soluble in water, with a faint odor of sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Spice oleoresin is a concentrated extract of spices that is used as a flavoring agent in the food industry.

E1204, also known as pullulan, is a food additive used in the food industry as a thickening and stabilizing agent.

Maltase is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate degradation. Specifically, maltase catalyzes the conversion of maltose into glucose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked together.

Cocoa powder is a food product that is typically made from cocoa powder, sugar, and sometimes other ingredients such as powdered milk.

Sodium benzoate (E211) is a widely used food preservative in the food industry to extend the shelf life of products.

Maltodextrin (E1400) is a polysaccharide composed of several glucose units. It is derived from starch, typically from corn, potatoes, or rice.

Lactitol, identified by the number E966, is a polyol derived from lactose, the sugar present in milk. It is widely used as a sweetener and texturizing agent in various food and pharmaceutical products, providing an alternative to traditional sugars while imparting specific properties.