L-lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning our body cannot synthesize it and must be obtained through diet or supplements. The "L" in its name indicates its stereoisomeric configuration, which is the biologically active form. L-lysine plays a crucial role in many biological functions and is used in various medical, nutritional, and industrial applications.

L-threonine is an essential amino acid.  L-threonine is obtained through the hydrolysis of proteins by pancreatic enzymes during digestion. 

L-Valine (C₅H₁₁NO₂) is an essential amino acid that is part of the 20 standard amino acids required for protein synthesis in the human body. It plays a crucial role in muscle metabolism, tissue growth and repair, as well as in regulating various physiological processes.