Gum arabic is extracted from the acacia tree, primarily cultivated in Africa, the Middle East, and certain parts of Asia.
Its main function is to act as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in foods and beverages. It is used to enhance the texture and viscosity of products.

Carboxymethylcellulose or CMC is a gel of synthetic origin. It is a highly hygroscopic cellulose ether. It is often used in the form of its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethylcellulose.

Commercial pectin (often used to thicken jams and jellies) is extracted from dried apple pomace or dried peels of various fruits. This additive is used as a gelling agent, stabilizer, and coating agent.

Carob gum is a food additive identified with the code E410 in the international classification of food additives.

E412, also known as guar gum, is a naturally-derived food additive widely used in the food industry.

As an excipient, cellulose powders are mainly used, often commercially referred to as "microcrystalline cellulose." It is a white powder, insoluble in water, but it disperses in water, forming a stable gel.

E417, also known as tara gum, is a natural food additive extracted from the seeds of the tara tree (Caesalpiniae Spinoza), a tree native to Peru.